ATLANTA — In their Q1 2024 Freight Index report, third-party logistics provider AFS Logistics and TD Cowen report that less-than-truckload (LTL) rates are expected to remain relatively flat — with subtle fluctuations — while truckload rates continue hovering near the floor established in Q2 2023.
For parcel, the index anticipates seasonal growth consistent with established patterns, but at more muted levels than previous years as lower overall demand clashes with the general rate increase (GRI) and other carrier pricing actions, according to a news release.
“While the Federal Reserve is expected to cut interest rates later this year, the near-term economic outlook continues trends established in the second half of last year,” said Tom Nightingale, CEO of AFS. “Carriers are taking action to scrape out extra revenue, particularly in parcel, but the underlying reality of soft demand puts a damper on any upward pricing momentum.”
Parcel: Carriers pull levers to raise revenue, compete for limited volumes
Carriers typically communicate fuel surcharge increases with annual GRI announcements late in the year, but this latest round of fuel surcharge increases came separately. December 2023 saw UPS initiate an increase, FedEx follow suit, and then UPS implement another — all before the end of the month. When the dust settled, both carriers had introduced a 1% increase in express, while in ground, FedEx bumped up fuel by 1% and UPS increased it by 1.25%.
Discrepancies also emerged between the two carriers’ demand surcharges, and are significant enough to affect how shippers allocate volumes. The UPS surcharge is 75% higher than FedEx for additional handling and twice as much as the FedEx fee for oversize/large packages.
“The GRI, fuel surcharge increases and demand surcharges provide a view of carriers trying to address seemingly conflicting challenges – the need to boost revenue in the face of higher labor costs, while operating in a softer market that requires more aggressive pricing to compete for demand,” said Micheal McDonagh, President of Parcel for AFS. “The reality of limited volume continues to shine through in the data, driving expectations for a more limited-than-usual bump to rates in Q1 as carrier discounting diminishes the impact of the GRI.”
Q1 2024 projections for ground parcel have rates at 28.9% above the January 2018 baseline, a 3.7% increase quarter-over-quarter (QoQ) powered by the GRI and fuel surcharge increases, but down 1.6% year-over-year (YoY). Data from Q4 2023 shows the result of holiday shipping patterns, with higher accessorial charges, average zone and fuel driving a modest increase of 0.7% in ground parcel rates from the previous quarter. With FedEx and UPS in a competitive pursuit of volume, discounting rose by a percentage point in Q4 2023, helping offset upward pressure on rates from other factors.
In express parcel, the index is projected to reach 1.8% above the January 2018 baseline in Q1 2024, representing a 1.6% QoQ increase – more moderate compared to the same time in previous years – and a 2.2% YoY decrease. The continued “price war” as carriers compete for volume is anticipated to stymie the ultimate effect of the GRI and fuel surcharge increases on rates. Looking back at Q4 2023, express parcel rates declined 2.2% from Q3 2023 levels, the result of increased discounting and a shift away from premium services to less expensive offerings like two-day and three-day service.
LTL: Rates flatten as Yellow volumes settle into new homes
The index projects LTL rates to be 58.9% above the January 2018 baseline in Q1 2024, representing a small 0.7% decline from Q4 2023, but up 0.8% YoY, keeping rates at the escalated levels established since Q2 2022 and upheld partly due to the Yellow collapse in Q3 of 2023. The consolidation in capacity is expected to dull some of the downward pressure on rates that would normally be expected without a resurgence in demand, leading to the continued pattern of subtle fluctuations in LTL rate per pound.
“The LTL market is in a bit of a stasis, as continued soft demand tests just how tight Yellow’s exit left capacity,” says Kevin Day, President of LTL for AFS. “While it won’t bring immediate changes, the auction of former Yellow terminals to other carriers is a major development. XPO and Estes in particular emerged as top acquirers, and those acquisitions should boost carrier network efficiency and overall capacity in the long run.”
Truckload: Rates keep bouncing along the bottom
The truckload rate per mile index is projected to be 4.6% above the January 2018 baseline in Q1 2024, down 0.2% QoQ and 2.9% YoY. While truckload rate per mile has exhibited consistency since establishing a floor in Q2 2023, average linehaul cost per shipment has declined in step with miles per shipment. Short-haul shipments – defined as less than 500 miles – grew from 79.8% of all shipments in Q2 2023 to 84.9% in Q4 2023. Despite the continued decline in Q4 2023, cost per shipment still sits 16% higher than pre-pandemic levels.
“With pandemic-era inventory imbalances no longer subjecting businesses to the ‘tyranny of the urgent,’ shippers can be more strategic and optimize networks with more efficient moves,” says Andy Dyer, President of Transportation Management for AFS. “Will truckload rates finally rebound in 2024? We do not expect that to happen in Q1, but easing inflation and widely speculated interest rate cuts indicate macroeconomic conditions could support upward momentum later in the year.”
Born in Pine Bluff, Arkansas, and raised in East Texas, John Worthen returned to his home state to attend college in 1998 and decided to make his life in The Natural State. Worthen is a 20-year veteran of the journalism industry and has covered just about every topic there is. He has a passion for writing and telling stories. He has worked as a beat reporter and bureau chief for a statewide newspaper and as managing editor of a regional newspaper in Arkansas. Additionally, Worthen has been a prolific freelance journalist for two decades, and has been published in several travel magazines and on travel websites.
